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The Avenues is an area of high status Victorian housing located in the northwest of Kingston upon Hull, England. It is formed by four main tree-lined straight avenues running west off the north-north-east/south-south-west running ''Princes Avenue''. The Avenues area, originally built as middle class housing in the late 19th century, has remained a popular residential area; its popularity with left wing intellectuals and academics, and varied leafy cosmopolitan ambience has caused it to be stereotyped as Hull's 'Muesli Belt'. To the adjoining south of the Avenues is an area of roughly contemporary Victorian terraces, with streets named after the seats of nobles; it is sometimes referred to as ''the Dukeries''. Princes Avenue was a popular urban shopping street during the 20th century, in the 21st century it has remained commercial with increasing numbers of specialist shops, restaurants and other food outlets.〔 ==History== ''The Avenues'' were constructed on a green field site known as ''Newland Tofts'' from the latter part of the 19th century onwards. The boundaries were formed by: ''Newland Tofts Lane'' (Princess Avenue), and the parallel ''Derringham Dike'' to the east; ''Setting Dyke'' to the north; Spring Bank and Spring and Derringham Dikes to the south; and to the west a field boundary between Newland Tofts and ''Ewe lands'' and ''Chanter Lands'' which eventually became ''Chanterlands Avenue''. To the south the area was limited by the new (1847) General Cemetery built on the northern side of ''Derringham Bank'' (Spring Bank West).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Spring Bank West Conservation Area Character Statement )〕〔Ordnance Survey, 1855-6, 1:10,560. Sheets 226, 240〕 The estate was formally opened in 1875 by the developer David Parkinson Garbutt; it was built on the outskirts of Hull with recently opened facilities nearby: Pearson Park opened 1860) on the east side of Princes Avenue, and Botanic Gardens railway station (up to 1881 known as ''Cemetery Gates'') at the southern end of Princes Avenue.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Urban Conservation and Design : Avenues/Pearson Park Conservation Area : Character Statement for the Avenues part of the above area )〕 The site was laid out on a generous scale for the middle and prosperous classes; the largest street; Westbourne Avenue was wide.〔 Early developments included houses by George Gilbert Scott the Younger, built 1877–79,〔 which are now listed buildings.〔Sources: * * * * *〕 The area was primarily residential, in 1888 the Hull School board opened the 'Industrial School for Girls', a residential corrective institution on Park Avenue. A small preparatory school ''Froebel House'' was established in 1906 on Marlborough Avenue; in the same year St. Cuthberts church was constructed on Marlborough Avenue. In 1900 electric trams began to travel on Princes Avenue on a route that linked to the city centre by Spring Bank.〔Kingston Upon Hull Corporation Transport : A Brief History, ''alternative sources : '' * *〕 The area to the south of the Avenues, and north of Hull General Cemetery was developed around 1900; terraces of un-gardened houses were built on east-west rows of streets named after ducal seats: ''Welbeck Street'' (Welbeck Abbey), ''Thoresby Street'' (Thoresby Hall), ''Belvoir Street'' (Belvoir Castle) and ''Blenheim Street'' (Blenheim Palace); as a consequence the area became known as the "Dukeries".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Dukeries Area Residents' Association )〕 (see also The Dukeries, Nottinhamshire). By 1910, the entire estate was mostly developed with few vacant plots remaining, the land to the north (Newland Avenue), and to the south (the Dukeries) had also been developed as housing,〔Ordnance Survey, 1911, 1:10,560〕 by the 1920s the land to the west had been urbanised with the construction of Chanterlands Avenue, and associated terraced housing.〔Ordnance Survey, 1928, 1:2,500〕 Both sides of Princes Avenue were developed by 1910,〔 with notable structures including the Elim Pentecostal church (1897–99), and Methodist church (1905, architect Alfred Gelder); by 1910 Princess Avenue was fully developed as a shopping street, with multiple competing premises in all the major realms of commerse – grocers, fishmongers, butchers, hardware, confectioners etc. Much of the Avenues area was developed piecemeal in small plots; many of the British housing styles used in the late 19th and early 20th century are found in the area, including revived Queen Anne style (in the Gilbert Scott Jr. houses), mock Tudor, arts and crafts, and a variety of vernacular styles.〔 As part of the original layout of the development Westbourne, Marlborough and Victoria Avenue had cast iron decorative fountains in the centre of the roads, with two more on Princes Avenue. All were of similar circular tiered design. The fountains on Princes Avenue were removed in 1926 due to increased traffic. The remaining fountains on Westbourne and Park Avenue are now listed structures,〔Sources: * *〕〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Fountain rescue )〕 The tram system on Princes Avenue was replaced with a trolleybus service in 1937,〔 which were replaced by motor buses in the 1960s. The Botanic Gardens railway station closed in the 1960s with the closure of the Victoria Dock Branch Line.〔 〕 Small scale infill development created Parkside Close (1960s) on undeveloped land between Victoria and Park Avenue, and Muirfield Park (1970s) on a former recreation ground.〔Ordnance Survey. 1:2500; 1950–1. 1:10560; 1956. 1:10000; 1971–3〕 The area became a council Conservation Area in 1974.〔 In the 1980s the area experienced problems with subsidence due to a drought and extensive tree planting in the area causing drying of the clay subsoil, as a result many trees were cut down, many of the tree stumps were carved into sculptures by local artists.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Tree sculpture in the Avenues 1999 to 2006 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Avenues, Hull」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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